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Cesare Borgia
Cesare Borgia ((:ˈtʃeːzare ˈbɔrdʒa); Catalan: Cèsar Borja, (:ˈsɛzər ˈβɔrʒə); , (:ˈθesar ˈβorxa); 13 September 1475 or April 1476〔Maike Vogt-Luerssen: ''Lucrezia Borgia: The Life of a Pope's Daughter in the Renaissance'', 2010, ISBN 978-1-4537-2740-9; p. 13.〕 – 12 March 1507), Duke of Valentinois,〔His other titles included: Duke of Romagna, Prince of Andria and Venafro, Count of Dyois, Lord of Piombino, Camerino and Urbino, Gonfalonier and Captain General of the Church.〕 was an Italian〔(''Cambridge Encyclopedia.'' ) (Cesare Borgia. ) Web. 20 Feb 2011.〕〔''Encyclopædia Britannica.'' (Borgia, Cesare. ) Web. 20 Feb 2011.〕〔''World Book Encyclopedia''. (Borgia, Cesare. ) Web. 20 Feb 2011.〕 ''condottiero'', nobleman, politician, and cardinal, whose fight for power was a major inspiration for ''The Prince'' by Machiavelli. He was the illegitimate son of Pope Alexander VI (r. 1492–1503) and his long-term mistress Vannozza dei Cattanei. He was the brother of Lucrezia Borgia; Giovanni Borgia (Juan), Duke of Gandia; and Gioffre Borgia (Jofré in Catalan), Prince of Squillace. He was half-brother to Don Pedro Luis de Borja (1460–88) and Girolama de Borja, children of unknown mothers.〔Pope Alexander VI only recognized four children as his: Cesare, Giovanni, Lucrezia, and Gioffre.〕
After initially entering the church and becoming a cardinal on his father's election to the Papacy, he became the first person to resign a cardinalcy after the death of his brother in 1498. His father set him up as a prince with territory carved from the Papal States, but after his father's death he was unable to retain power for long. According to Machiavelli this was due to his planning for all possibilities but his own illness.
==Early life==
Like nearly all aspects of Cesare Borgia's life, the date of his birth is a subject of dispute. He was born in Rome—in either 1475 or 1476—the illegitimate son of Cardinal Roderic Llançol i de Borja, (usually known as Rodrigo Borgia), later Pope Alexander VI, and his mistress Vannozza dei Cattanei, about whom information is sparse. The Borgia family originally came from the Kingdom of Valencia, and rose to prominence during the mid-15th century; Cesare's grand-uncle Alphonso Borgia (1378–1458), bishop of Valencia, was elected Pope Callixtus III in 1455.〔Herfried Münkler and Marina Münkler, ''Lexikon der Renaissance'', Munich: Beck, 2000, p. 43ff.〕 Cesare's father, Pope Alexander VI, was the first pope who openly recognized his children born out of wedlock.
Stefano Infessura writes that Cardinal Borgia falsely claimed Cesare to be the legitimate son of another man—Domenico d'Arignano, the nominal husband of Vannozza dei Cattanei. More likely, Pope Sixtus IV granted Cesare a release from the necessity of proving his birth in a papal bull of 1 October 1480.〔Sabatini (pp. 45, 48), citing the supplement to the Appendix of Thuasne's edition of Burchard's ''Diarium''〕
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